Synthesis of Platinum-Reduced Graphene Oxide (Pt-rGO) Nanocomposite for Selective Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide as a Peroxidase-Mimic Catalyst

All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ cm) was used for the preparation of all the reagents.

Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by the improved Hummers’ method. The protocol has been previously reported elsewhere.^16,20-21 After synthesizing of GO, 20 mg of GO resuspended in 10 ml of Milli-Q water was stirred with 175.6 μL of 8% (w/v) hexachloroplatinic acid solution (H₂PtCl₆) for 30 to 60 min. Sodium hydroxide (0.5 M) was added to the mixture, which was heated at 70 ℃ for 5 min. Hydrazine hydrate solution (60–80%, 300 μL) was added into the reaction mixture after it was cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was further stirred for 40 min. Excess Pt particles in the solution were removed by iterative centrifugation and the Pt-rGO composite was washed using ethanol. rGO was synthesized using the same procedure except for the platinum compound.

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were obtained using a Thermo Scientific Nicolet 6700 spectrophotometer, and UV-VIS absorption spectra were measured using an Avantes Avaspec-3648 spectrophotometer. The temperature of the cuvette was maintained using a refrigerated circulating bath. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained using a JEM-F200 from JEOL, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were recorded using a LIBRA 120 microscope (Zeiss). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed using a D2 PHASER from Bruker with Cu Ka radiation (1.5412 Å), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using a Thermo Fisher Scientific K-alpha⁺ X-ray.

The glucose detection assay was carried out in two steps. An initial reaction mixture containing 200 μL of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 20 μL of glucose oxidase (20 mg/ml), and 100 μL of glucose was incubated at 37 ℃ for 15 min. The reaction mixture was transferred into another vial containing 200 μL of 12 mM 3,3’5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), and 2.7 mL of 0.5 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.8). After adding 30 μL of Pt-rGO, the vial was incubated at 60 ℃ for 3 min and cooled down to room temperature. The final solution was transferred into a cuvette, and the absorbance was measured at 652 nm. Lactose, fructose, and maltose (500 μM) were used in the control experiments.

Pt-rGO was synthesized through a single-step reaction using hydrazine as a reducing agent. First, the morphology of Pt-rGO was investigated by SEM and TEM (Fig. 1)

Figure1.

Electron microscopy images. (a) SEM image of Pt-rGO and TEM images of (b) GO, (c) Pt-rGO.

The images indicate a well-distributed Pt nanoparticles (NPs) on the multilayered structure of the GO. The as-synthesized NPs are mostly spherical with an average size of 21.7±8.8 nm. Pt-rGO and GO were also analyzed by FT-IR to characterize the oxygen functional groups on the surface of the GO (Fig. 2).

Figure2.

FT-IR spectra of GO (black) and Pt-rGO (red).

The efficiency of the reduction of Pt-rGO by hydrazine is indicated by the functional groups detected. The two peaks at 3450 and 1050 cm⁻¹ indicate the presence of adsorbed water molecules. The main features of the spectra are as follows: 3450 (O-H stretching vibration), 1726 (C=O stretching vibration from carbonyl and carboxyl groups), 1628 (aromatic C=C or absorbed water), and 1233 cm⁻¹ (C-O-C of epoxy groups). The FT-IR spectra clearly indicate the chemical reduction of Pt-rGO, which has a smaller number of carbonyls, and epoxy groups. Pt-rGO was further analyzed by XRD and XPS.

Fig. 3 shows the XRD pattern of the Pt NPs on the rGO surface, with the characteristic crystallin Pt face-centered cubic phase distinguished by peaks corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes at 2θ values of 40.5°, 46.8°, 68.1°, and 81.2°, respectively. A broad peak at 25.0 corresponds to the (002) crystal plane of rGO (Fig. 3).

Figure3.

XRD pattern of Pt-rGO.

The electronic structure and chemical properties of Pt-rGO were analyzed using XPS (Fig. 4). The C 1s XPS spectrum of Pt-rGO shows three peaks corresponding to carbon atoms in different functional groups: the non-oxygenated ring C (284.7 eV), carbonyl groups (286.8 eV) and a peak at 288.3 eV indicating O-C=O groups. Notably, the peak for the carbonyl groups in Pt-rGO decreased significantly compared to that for GO. Furthermore, the Pt 4f XPS spectrum shows two distinct peaks at 71.2 eV and 74.5 eV corresponding to Pt 4f_7/2 and Pt 4f_5/2, respectively. Taken together, the results indicate that GO and Pt were reduced by hydrazine, and Pt NPs were formed homogeneously on the surface of rGO.

Figure4.

XPS spectra of (a) C 1s for GO, (b) C 1s for Pt-rGO, and (c) Pt 4f for Pt-rGO.

Pt-rGO as a Peroxidase Mimic Catalyst

Glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4, GOx) catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose to form β-D-gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), The amount of glucose was quantitatively determined by the amount of hydrogen peroxide generated by GOx. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to catalyze and detect H₂O₂. After the chromogenic substrate 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) is oxidized by HRP in the presence of H₂O₂, it has a specific absorption at 652 nm. The catalytic activity of our Pt-rGO composite was evaluated using TMB as a substrate for HRP. Various combinations of substrates, such as only TMB, TMB + H₂O₂, Pt-rGO + H₂O₂, Pt-rGO + TMB, and Pt-rGO + TMB + H₂O₂, were analyzed (Fig. 5a). A specific absorption peak was observed only in the vials containing Pt-rGO, TMB, and H₂O₂. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of Pt-rGO as an inorganic peroxidase mimic was estimated in the temperature range 20–70 ℃ (Fig. 5b). Interestingly, Pt-rGO retained its catalytic activity up to 70 ℃ and showed the maximum performance at 60 ℃. Natural peroxidases are generally denatured at that temperature.

Figure 5.

(a) UV-VIS absorption spectra. (b) temperature-dependent assay of Pt-rGO.

The catalytic activity of Pt-rGO was compared with that of Cu-rGO, which was synthesized and characterized in our prior study.¹⁶ The catalytic activity of Pt-rGO is much higher than that of Cu-rGO (Fig. 6a). Notably, the signal-to-noise ratio of Pt-rGO increased rapidly within 10 s. This implies that the reduction of Pt is far faster than that of Cu. To validate Pt-rGO as a sensor for glucose, the limit of detection was analyzed by an assay at various concentrations of H₂O₂ from 1 mM to 100 mM (Fig. 6b). The linear increase in absorption at 652 nm indicates that Pt-rGO is a valid catalyst in the given range of H₂O₂ concentrations. Our system was further applied to detect H₂O₂ generated by the oxidation of glucose by GOx. As GOx is denatured at pH 4, the assay was performed in a stepwise manner. The initial reaction is the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and H₂O₂ by GOx. Subsequently, H₂O₂ was analyzed quantitatively using TMB and Pt-rGO composites at pH 4. A linear plot was obtained for the absorbance vs. concentration (from 1 to 20 mM) of glucose (Fig. 6c). The assay implies that our system can detect the glucose at the physiological concentration of a diabetic person. Our system was also evaluated with its analogs such as fructose, maltose, and lactose to check specificity (Fig. 7). The glucose oxidase enzymatic process demonstrates a notable specificity in oxidizing glucose compared to fructose, maltose, and lactose. The absorbance of glucose was dominant among the analogs. This implies that our system has good affinity for glucose.

Figure6.

(a) Time-dependent assay of GO, Cu-rGO, and Pt-rGO. Regression analysis shows that the relative absorbance at 625 nm is linearly related to the concentration of b) hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and (c) glucose using Pt-rGO catalyst.

Figure7.

UV-Vis absorption spectra indicate specificity for glucose compared to its analogs such as fructose, maltose, and lactose.