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ISSN 0253-2964(Print)
ISSN 1229-5949(Online)
Volume 34, Number 8
BKCSDE 34(8)
August 20, 2013 |
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Title |
1D Proton NMR Spectroscopic Determination of Ethanol and Ethyl Glucuronide in Human Urine |
Author |
Siwon Kim, Minji Lee, Dahye Yoon, Dong-kye Lee, Hye-Jin Choi, Suhkmann Kim* |
Keywords |
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Metabolomics, Ethanol, Ethyl glucuronide (EtG), Multivariate analysis |
Abstract |
Forensic and legal medicine require reliable data to indicate excessive alcohol consumption. Ethanol is oxidatively metabolized to acetate by alcohol dehydrogenase and non-oxidatively metabolized to ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), phosphatidylethanol, or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). Oxidative metabolism is too rapid to provide biomarkers for the detection of ethanol ingestion. However, the nonoxidative metabolite EtG is a useful biomarker because it is stable, non-volatile, water soluble, highly sensitive, and is detected in body fluid, hair, and tissues. EtG analysis methods such as mass spectroscopy, chromatography, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques are currently in use. We suggest that nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy could be used to monitor ethanol intake. As with current conventional methods, NMR spectroscopy doesn’t require complicated pretreatments or sample separation. This method has the advantages of short acquisition time, simple sample preparation, reproducibility, and accuracy. In addition, all proton-containing compounds can be detected. In this study, we performed 1H NMR analyses of urine to monitor the ethanol and EtG. Urinary samples were collected over time from 5 male volunteers. We confirmed that ethanol and EtG signals could be detected with NMR spectroscopy. Ethanol signals increased immediately upon alcohol intake, but decreased sharply over time. In contrast, EtG signal increased and reached a maximum about 9 h later, after which the EtG signal decreased gradually and remained detectable after 20-25 h. Based on these results, we suggest that 1H NMR spectroscopy may be used to identify ethanol non-oxidative metabolites without the need for sample pretreatment. |
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2413 - 2418 |
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