Marked Change in Parameter Level in Patient with Renal Disease

A 5 ml quantity of venous blood was drawn from each person participating in this study in the morning before breakfast and collected in special tubes containing an anticoagulant to determine the blood changes. Another 5 ml of venous blood was drawn from the same people and collected in tubes free of any anticoagulant materials for biochemical analyzes and after blood clotting, a centrifugal process was performed for 20 minutes at a speed of 300 laps to obtain the blood serum, then the serum was taken to save it until the tests were performed.

The number of red and white blood cells and platelets was determined in the hematology laboratory of the hospital by using hemocytometer and measuring the hemoglobin concentration according to the method Wong. Determination of hematocrit percentage using capillary tubes containing heparin.¹⁰

The measurement of biochemical parameters in the blood serum of people with chronic renal failure and healthy people was set in the biochemical laboratory of the hospital. Where the concentration of glucose in the blood serum was measured using materials from Biacon Company according to the method Trinder¹¹ that the method depended on GOD- PAP. The determination of protein concentration in serum depending on Biuret method¹² that using Biacon material depending on the absorbance by spectrometer instrument and the determination of albumin concentration by using Biacon material to measurement albumin concentration according to Bromocresol green,¹³ then determination of glucose level in serum and determination of triple lipid (triglyceride TG) in serum by using GOD- PAP method according Young and Pestaner,¹⁴ Fossatic and Principe,¹⁵ then determination of cholesterol level in serum by using GOD- PAP method according Richmond¹⁶ then determination of HDL level in serum according Burstein¹⁷ and determination of LDL level in serum by using Friedewald equation¹⁸ and determination of urea concentration by urease¹⁹ and determination of uric acid according to Fossatti method,²⁰ then determination of creatine concentration without preceptation of protein and determination Na, k, according Maruna& Trinder,²² determination Ca++ acoording Arsenazo III²³ then determination phosphor (p) according Fiske and Subbarow method.²⁴

The measurement of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase in serum according Reitman S and Frankel²⁵ and determination of alkaline phosophatase enzyme in serum according to Kind method.²⁶

Ethical standard. The study was formally approved the research plan by the ethical committee board at the Babylon health directorate. Informed consent was taken from all the participant patients before being enrolled in the study. All data and materials are available statistical analysis.

The results were expressed as the mean and standard deviation, and the results were statistically analyzed using the computer program Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The differences between the mean values and the standard deviation of people with chronic renal failure and healthy people were compared with the test The level of probability in all statistical tests is significant.

There was a significant significant decrease in the number of red and white blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and platelets in patients with chronic renal failure compared with healthy people, as shown in the Table 1.

Significantly significant increases were found in the concentration of urea, uric acid and creatinine, as well as the concentration of calcium and phosphorous ions in the blood serum of patients compared to healthy controls as shown in the Table 3. A significant decrease in the concentration of sodium ions was observed in patients with renal failure when compared with healthy controls. There was also a significant decrease in the concentration of calcium ions in the blood serum of patients with renal failure compared with healthy controls.

The result has been showed significant level in enzymes activity for transfer of amine group (alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferas) and phosphatase alkaline and also concentration of total bilirubin in patient with compare with healthy in Table 4.

It is clear from this study that patients with chronic renal failure are accompanied by a decrease in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. This study is consistent with previous studies that have shown that renal failure may lead to a variety of hematological disorders including anemia and leukocyte dysfunction.²⁷

Anemia and lack of white blood cells in patients with renal failure may be due to a deficiency in the secretion of the hormone erythropoietin, which is produced by the paraglomerular system in the kidney, or as a result of a deficiency in iron and folic acid and an increase in the breakdown of red blood cells And other factors, such as the accumulation of nitrogenous compounds and toxic substances that the kidneys cannot excrete in case of failure, which affect the production of red blood cells from the bone marrow and lead to a shortening of the lifespan of red blood cells, and thus blood is excreted in the urine.²⁸ A significant decrease in the number of platelets was observed in patients with chronic renal failure due to a deficiency in the secretion of erythropoietin, because erythropoietin levels can affect the level of platelets. Because of the symmetry between erythropoietin and thrombin, and the action of ergobutin as a regulator of platelets in the body.²⁹ It also found a significant decrease in the level of protein and albumin in the blood serum of patients with renal failure, and this study is consistent with the study that was conducted in southern India.^30,31 We found a significant increase in the concentration levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in patients, and this study is consistent with the study that was conducted in India in 2006, 2013.³² The concentration of urea and creatinine is used as diagnostic tests in the performance of kidney function, where a significant increase in the concentration of urea, creatinine and uric acid was found in patients, and these results are in line with previous studies.³³ It is known that if the level of urea and creatinine increases, this indicates a defect in the work of the kidneys. An inverse proportion has been found between the level of creatinine and blood changes in the blood serum.³⁴ The kidneys play a key role in regulating sodium and potassium ions in the body. A decrease in the level of sodium and an increase in the level of sodium were found. This study is consistent with another study conducted in Iraq in 2012.³⁵ The decrease in the concentration of sodium ions may be due to a decrease in the secretion of the hormone aldosterone, and thus the excretion of sodium ions in the urine.